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Website Botswana , officially the Republic of Botswana : Lefatshe la Botswana , is a located in. Formerly the British of , Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the on 30 September 1966. Since then, it has maintained a strong tradition of stable , with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic and the best perceived corruption ranking in Africa since at least 1998. Botswana is topographically flat, with up to 70 percent of its territory being the. It is bordered by to the south and southeast, to the west and north, and to the northeast. Its border with to the north near is poorly defined but is, at most, a few hundred metres long. A mid-sized country of just over 2 million people, Botswana is one of the countries in the world. Around 10 percent of the population lives in the capital and largest city,. The economy is dominated by , cattle, and. Its high by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa gives the country a relatively high standard of living and the highest of continental. Botswana is a member of the African Union, the , the , and the. The country has been among the hardest hit by the. Starting fire by hand. Archaeological digs have shown that hominids have lived in Botswana for around two million years. Stone tools and fauna remains have shown that all areas of the country were inhabited at least 400,000 years ago. Evidence left by modern humans such as cave paintings are about 73,000 years old. The original inhabitants of southern Africa were the Bushmen and peoples. Both speak and hunted, gathered, and traded over long distances. When cattle were first introduced about 2000 years ago into southern Africa, pastoralism became a major feature of the economy, since the region had large grasslands free of. It is unclear when -speaking peoples first moved into the country from the north, although AD 600 seems to be a consensus estimate. In that era, the ancestors of the modern-day moved into what is now the north-eastern areas of the country. These proto-Kalanga were closely connected to states in as well as to the state. These states, located outside of current Botswana's borders, appear to have kept massive cattle herds in what is now the Central District—apparently at numbers approaching modern cattle density. This massive cattle-raising complex prospered until 1300 AD or so, and seems to have regressed following the collapse of Mapungubwe. During this era, the first Tswana-speaking groups, the , moved into the southern areas of the. All these various peoples were connected to trade routes that ran via the Limpopo River to the Indian Ocean, and trade goods from Asia such as beads made their way to Botswana most likely in exchange for ivory, gold, and. The arrival of the ancestors of the Tswana-speakers who came to control the region has yet to be dated precisely. Members of the , a chieftaincy under a legendary leader named Kgabo II, made their way into the southern Kalahari by AD 1500, at the latest, and his people drove the Bakgalagadi inhabitants west into the desert. Over the years, several offshoots of the Bakwena moved into adjoining territories. The occupied areas to the west, while the moved northeast into formerly Kalanga areas. Not long afterwards, a Bangwato offshoot known as the Batawana migrated into the Okavango Delta, probably in the 1790s. The first written records relating to modern-day Botswana appear in 1824. What these records show is that the Bangwaketse had become the predominant power in the region. Under the rule of Makaba II, the Bangwaketse kept vast herds of cattle in well-protected desert areas, and used their military prowess to raid their neighbors. Other chiefdoms in the area, by this time, had capitals of 10,000 or so and were fairly prosperous. This equilibrium came to end during the period, 1823-1843, when a succession of invading peoples from South Africa entered the country. Although the Bangwaketse were able to defeat the invading Bakololo in 1826, over time all the major chiefdoms in Botswana were attacked, weakened, and impoverished. The and raided repeatedly, and took large numbers of cattle, women, and children from the Batswana—most of whom were driven into the desert or sanctuary areas such as hilltops and caves. Only after 1843, when the Amandebele moved into western Zimbabwe, did this threat subside. During the 1840s and 1850s trade with -based merchants opened up and enabled the chiefdoms to rebuild. The Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato and Batawana cooperated to control the lucrative ivory trade, and then used the proceeds to import horses and guns, which in turn enabled them to establish control over what is now Botswana. This process was largely complete by 1880, and thus the Bushmen, the Kalanga, the Bakgalagadi, and other current minorities were subjugated by the Batswana. Following the , from the Cape Colony established themselves on the borders of Botswana in the. In 1852 a coalition of chiefdoms led by resisted Afrikaner incursions, and after about eight years of intermittent tensions and hostilities, eventually came to a peace agreement in Potchefstroom in 1860. From that point on, the modern-day border between South Africa and Botswana was agreed on, and the Afrikaners and Batswana traded and worked together peacefully. Due to newly peaceful conditions, trade thrived between 1860 and 1880. Taking advantage of this were Christian. The and the both became established in the country by 1856. By 1880 every major village had a resident missionary, and their influence slowly became felt. Christianity became the de facto official religion in all the chiefdoms by World War I. Colonialism and the establishment of the Bechuanaland Protectorate During the the territory of Botswana was coveted by both and. During the , Britain decided to annex Botswana in order to safeguard the Road to the North and thus connect the Cape Colony to its territories further north. It unilaterally annexed Tswana territories in January 1885 and then sent the north to consolidate control over the area and convince the chiefs to accept British overrule. Despite their misgivings, they eventually acquiesced to this fait accompli. In 1890 areas north of 22 degrees were added to the new. During the 1890s the new territory was divided into eight different reserves, with fairly small amounts of land being left as freehold for white. During the early 1890s the British government decided to hand over the Bechuanaland Protectorate to the. This plan, which was well on its way to fruition despite the entreaties of Tswana leaders who toured England in protest, was eventually foiled by the failure of the in January 1896. Stamp of from 1960 When the was formed in 1910 from the main British colonies in the region, the Bechuanaland Protectorate, now , and the High Commission Territories were not included, but provision was made for their later incorporation. However, the UK began to consult with their inhabitants as to their wishes. Although successive South African governments sought to have the territories transferred to their jurisdiction, the UK kept delaying; consequently, it never occurred. The election of the government in 1948, which instituted , and South Africa's withdrawal from the in 1961, ended any prospect of the UK or these territories agreeing to incorporation into South Africa. An expansion of British central authority and the evolution of tribal government resulted in the 1920 establishment of two advisory councils to represent both Africans and Europeans. The African Council consisted of the eight heads of the Tswana tribes and some elected members. Proclamations in 1934 regulated tribal rule and powers. A European-African advisory council was formed in 1951, and the 1961 constitution established a consultative legislative council. Independence See also: In June 1964, the United Kingdom accepted proposals for a democratic self-government in Botswana. The seat of government was moved in 1965 from in South Africa, to the newly established , which is located near Botswana's border with South Africa. Based on the 1965 constitution, the country held its first general elections under universal suffrage and gained independence on 30 September 1966. The presidency passed to the sitting Vice-President, , who was elected in his own right in 1984 and re-elected in 1989 and 1994. Masire retired from office in 1998. He was succeeded by , who was elected in his own right in 1999 and re-elected in 2004. The presidency passed in 2008 to son of the first President , who had been serving as Mogae's Vice-President since resigning his position in 1998 as Commander of the to take up this civilian role. A long-running dispute over the northern border with 's was the subject of a ruling by the in December 1999. It ruled that belongs to Botswana. A in the At 581,730 km 2 224,607 sq mi Botswana is the world's 48th-largest country. It is similar in size to or. It lies between latitudes and , and longitudes and. The country is predominantly flat, tending toward gently rolling. Botswana is dominated by the , which covers up to 70% of its land surface. The , one of the world's largest inland , is in the northwest. The , a large , lies in the north. The Basin, the major landform of all of southern Africa, lies partly in Botswana, with the basins of its tributaries, the , , , , and the , located in the eastern part of the country. The Notwane provides water to the capital through the. The lies to the north, providing a boundary between Botswana and Namibia's. The Chobe River meets with the at a place called meaning a small , a point where and his crossed the Zambezi into Zambia. Ecology Equus quagga in Botswana has diverse areas of wildlife habitat. In addition to the delta and desert areas, there are and , where , , and other mammals and birds are found. Northern Botswana has one of the few remaining large populations of the endangered. The park covers about 11,000 km 2 4,247 sq mi and supports about 350 species of birds. The Chobe National Park and in the Okavango Delta are major tourist destinations. Other reserves include the located in the Kalahari desert in ; and are in in the. Mashatu Game Reserve is privately owned: located where the and Limpopo River meet in eastern Botswana. The other privately owned reserve is near Gaborone. There are also specialised sanctuaries like for and Makgadikgadi Sanctuary for. They are both located in Central District. Environmental problems A Adansonia digitata Botswana faces two major problems: drought and. The desertification problems predominantly stem from the severe times of drought in the country. Three quarters of the country's human and animal populations depend on groundwater due to drought. Surface water is scarce in Botswana and less than 5% of the agriculture in the country is sustainable by rainfall. In the remaining 95% of the country, raising livestock is the primary source of rural income. Approximately 71% of the country's land is used for communal , which has been a major cause of the desertification and the accelerating soil erosion of the country. Since raising livestock has proven to be profitable for the people of Botswana, they continue to exploit the land. The animal populations have continued to dramatically increase. From 1966 to 1991, the livestock population has increased from 1. Degradation is exacerbated by the effects of drought and climate change. The Okavango Delta is one of the major semi-forested wetlands in Botswana and one of the largest inland deltas in the world; it is a crucial ecosystem to the survival of many animals. The Department of Forestry and Range Resources has already begun to implement a project to reintroduce indigenous vegetation into communities in Kgalagadi South, Kweneng North and Boteti. Reintroduction of indigenous vegetation will help with the degradation of the land. The stipulation of the US reducing Botswana's debt is that Botswana will focus on more extensive of the land. The claims that poverty is a major problem behind the of resources, including land, in Botswana. To help change this the UNDP joined in with a project started in the southern community of Struizendam in Botswana. The leaders of this movement are supposed to be the people in the community, to draw them in, in turn increasing their possibilities to earn an income and thus decreasing poverty. The UNDP also stated that the government has to effectively implement policies to allow people to manage their own local resources and are giving the government information to help with policy development. Main articles: and The constitution of Botswana is the , which protects the citizens of Botswana and represents their rights. The politics of Botswana take place in a framework of a republic, whereby the is both and , and of a. Since independence was declared, the party system has been dominated by the. Judiciary The is independent of the executive and the legislature. Botswana ranks 30th out of 167 states in the 2012. According to , Botswana is the least corrupt country in Africa and ranks close to Portugal and South Korea. It consists of a typical court system of local Magistrates Courts, a High Court and a Court of Appeal. The High Court is a superior court of record with unlimited original jurisdiction to hear and determine any criminal, civil or constitutional cases under any law. Appeals can be heard by the Court of Appeal. The Head of the High Court is the Chief Justice. The Court of Appeal is the highest and final court in the country and deals with appeals from the High Court and the Industrial Court. The Head of the Court of Appeal is the Judge President. Judges are appointed by the President of Botswana on the recommendation of the Judicial Services Commission. Foreign relations and military Signs at the Botswana— border, 2010 At the time of independence, Botswana had no armed forces. It was only after the and militaries struck respectively against the and bases that the BDF was formed in 1977. The President is of the armed forces and appoints a defence council and the BDF currently consists of roughly 60,000 servicemen. Following political changes in South Africa and the region, the BDF's missions have increasingly focused on prevention of , , and foreign. The United States has been the largest single foreign contributor to the development of the BDF, and a large segment of its officer corps have received U. The Botswana government gave the United States permission to explore the possibility of establishing an Africa Command base in the country. Human rights Main article: Many of the indigenous have been forcibly relocated from their land onto reservations. To make them relocate, they were denied from accessing water from their land and faced arrest if they hunted, which was their primary source of food. Their lands lie in the middle of the world's richest field. Officially, the government denies that there is any link to mining and claims the relocation is to preserve the wildlife and ecosystem, even though the San people have lived sustainably on the land for millennia. On the reservations, they struggle to find employment and is rampant. The Botswana Centre for Human Rights, Ditshwanelo, was established in 1993. Main article: Since independence, Botswana has had one of the fastest growth rates in per capita income in the world. Botswana has transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world to an upper middle-income country. Although Botswana was resource-abundant, a good institutional framework allowed the country to reinvest resource-income in order to generate stable future income. By one estimate, it has the fourth highest at in Africa, giving it a standard of living around that of Mexico. The is responsible for promoting throughout the country. According to the , economic growth averaged over 9% per year from 1966 to 1999. Botswana has a compared to other African countries. The government has maintained a sound , despite consecutive in 2002 and 2003, and a negligible level of. An array of financial institutions populates the country's financial system, with pension funds and commercial banks being the two most important segments by asset size. Banks remain profitable, well-capitalised, and liquid, as a result of growing national resources and high interest rates. The serves as a. The country's currency is the. Botswana's competitive banking system is one of Africa's most advanced. As of August 2015, there are a dozen licensed banks in the country. The government is involved in banking through state-owned financial institutions and a special financial incentives program that is aimed at increasing Botswana's status as a financial centre. Botswana's trading partners in 2004 The constitution provides for an independent judiciary, and the government respects this in practice. The legal system is sufficient to conduct secure commercial dealings, although a serious and growing backlog of cases prevents timely trials. The protection of intellectual property rights has improved significantly. Botswana is ranked second only to South Africa among sub-Saharan Africa countries in the 2014 International Property Rights Index. While generally open to foreign participation in its economy, Botswana reserves some sectors for citizens. Increased foreign investment plays a significant role in the privatisation of state-owned enterprises. Investment regulations are transparent, and bureaucratic procedures are streamlined and open, although somewhat slow. Investment returns such as profits and dividends, debt service, capital gains, returns on intellectual property, royalties, franchise's fees, and service fees can be repatriated without limits. Botswana imports refined petroleum products and electricity from South Africa. There is some domestic production of electricity from coal. Gemstones and precious metals In Botswana, the Department of Mines and Mineral Resources, Green Technology and Energy Security led by Hon Sadique Kebonang in Gaborone, maintains data regarding mining throughout the country. The mineral industry provides about 40% of all government revenues. In 2007, significant quantities of uranium were discovered, and mining was projected to begin by 2010. Several international mining corporations have established regional headquarters in Botswana, and prospected for diamonds, , , , and even , many coming back with positive results. Government announced in early 2009 that they would try to shift their economic dependence on diamonds, over serious concern that diamonds are predicted to dry out in Botswana over the next twenty years. Botswana's mine is the largest diamond mine in the world in terms of value and quantity of carats produced annually. A girl in the Population Year Million 1950 0. The largest minority ethnic groups are the , and or , also known as Basarwa. Other tribes are , , , and. In addition, there are small numbers of whites and Indians, both groups being roughly equally small in number. The white population speaks and and makes up roughly 3% of the population. Since 2000, because of deteriorating economic conditions in Zimbabwe, the number of has risen into the tens of thousands. Fewer than 10,000 are still living their traditional way of life. Since the mid-1990s the central government of Botswana has been trying to move San out of their historic lands. In Setswana, are more important than they are in many other languages, since Setswana is a Bantu language and has noun classes denoted by these prefixes. They include Bo, which refers to the country, Ba, which refers to the people, Mo, which is one person, and Se which is the language. For example, the main ethnic group of Botswana is the Tswana people, hence the name Botswana for its country. The people as a whole are Batswana, one person is a Motswana, and the language they speak is Setswana. Other languages spoken in Botswana include sekalanga , sesarwa , , and, in some parts,. Religion 1% An estimated 77% of the country's citizens identify as Christians. Anglicans, Methodists, and the make up the majority of Christians. There are also congregations of , Baptists, Roman Catholics, Latter-day Saints Mormons , the , , Seventh-day Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses in the country. In Gaborone, a Lutheran History Centre is open to the public. According to the 2001 census, the country has around 5,000 Muslims, mainly from South Asia, 3,000 and 700. Approximately 20% of citizens espouse no religion. Religious services are well attended in both rural and urban areas. A at a lodge near the Kalahari Desert. Besides referring to the language of the dominant people groups in Botswana, Setswana is the adjective used to describe the rich cultural traditions of the Batswana—whether construed as members of the Tswana ethnic groups or of all citizens of Botswana. In community celebrations like Dikgafela or during marriage ceremonies batswana women show excitement and happiness by the use of as part of their culture. Media Main article: Botswana music is mostly vocal and performed, sometimes without drums depending on the occasion; it also makes heavy use of string instruments. Botswana cultural musical instruments are not confined only to the strings or drums. The hands are used as musical instruments too, by either clapping them together or against phathisi goat skin turned inside out wrapped around the calf area, only used by men to create music and rhythm. For the last few decades, the guitar has been celebrated as a versatile music instrument for Tswana music as it offers a variety in string which the segaba instrument does not have. Written and composed by Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete, it was adopted upon independence in 1966. The baskets are generally woven into three types: large, lidded baskets used for storage, large, open baskets for carrying objects on the head or for winnowing threshed grain, and smaller plates for winnowing pounded grain. The artistry of these baskets is being steadily enhanced through colour use and improved designs as they are increasingly produced for international markets. Other notable artistic communities include and , both located in the south-eastern part of Botswana. The oldest paintings from both Botswana and South Africa depict hunting, animal and human figures, and were made by the Khoisan! Food Main article: is the most popular sport in Botswana, with qualification for the being the 's highest achievement to date. Other popular sports are , , , , , , , and. Botswana is an associate member of the. Botswana became a member of The International Badminton Federation and Africa Badminton Federation in 1991. The offers an in which golfers compete in tournaments and championships. Botswana won the country's first in 2012 when runner won in the. In 2011, became in the 400 metres and won Botswana's first athletics medal on the world level. High jumper is a three-time. The card game has a strong following; it was first played in Botswana over 30 years ago, and it grew in popularity during the 1980s. Many British expatriate school teachers informally taught the game in Botswana's secondary schools. The Botswana Bridge Federation BBF was founded in 1988 and continues to organise tournaments. Bridge has remained popular and the BBF has over 800 members. In 2007, the BBF invited the to host a week-long teaching program in May 2008. Main article: Botswana has made great strides in educational development since independence in 1966. At that time there were very few graduates in the country and only a very small percentage of the population attended secondary school. Botswana increased its adult literacy rate from 69% in 1991 to 83% in 2008. With the discovery of diamonds and the increase in government revenue that this brought, there was a huge increase in educational provision in the country. All students were guaranteed ten years of basic education, leading to a Junior Certificate qualification. Approximately half of the school population attends a further two years of secondary schooling leading to the award of the BGCSE. Secondary education in Botswana is neither free nor compulsory. After leaving school, students can attend one of the seven technical colleges in the country, or take vocational training courses in or. Students enter the , , and the in Gaborone. Many other students end up in the numerous private tertiary education colleges around the country. Notable amongst these is , the country's first private university which offers undergraduate programmes in Accounting, Business and Computing. Another international university is the which offers various associate degrees in Creative Arts. Other tertiary institutions include , ABM University College the largest school of business and management, , , etc. Tremendous strides in providing quality education have been made by private education providers such that a large number of the best students in the country are now applying to them as well. A vast majority of these students are government sponsored. The nation's second international university, the Botswana International University of Science and Technology, was completed in in 2011. The quantitative gains have not always been matched by qualitative ones. Primary schools in particular still lack resources, and the teachers are less well paid than their secondary school colleagues. The is working to establish libraries in primary schools in partnership with the. The hopes that by investing a large part of national income in education, the country will become less dependent on diamonds for its economic survival, and less dependent on expatriates for its skilled workers. Botswana invests 21% of its government spending in education. In January 2006, Botswana announced the reintroduction of school fees after two decades of free state education though the government still provides full scholarships with living expenses to any Botswana citizen in university, either at the University of Botswana or if the student wishes to pursue an education in any field not offered locally, such as medicine, they are provided with a full scholarship to study abroad. Main article: Botswana is planning to use science and technology to diversify its economy and thereby reduce its dependence on diamond mining. To this end, the government has set up six hubs since 2008, in the agriculture, diamonds, innovation, transport, health and education sectors. Botswana published its updated National Policy on Research, Science and Technology in 2011, within a UNESCO project sponsored by the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation and Development AECID. This policy aims to take up the challenges of rapid technological evolution, globalization and the achievement of the national development goals formulated in high-level strategic documents that include Botswana's Tenth National Development Plan to 2016 and Vision 2016. Despite the modest level of financial investment in research, Botswana counts one of the highest researcher densities in sub-Saharan Africa: 344 per million inhabitants in head counts , compared to an average of 91 per million inhabitants for the subcontinent in 2013. Main article: General The in Botswana is responsible for overseeing the quality and distribution of throughout the country. After Botswana's 2011 census, current life expectancy is estimated at 54. The is a voluntary non-governmental organisation. The association is a member of the Union for International Cancer Control. The Association supplements existing services through provision of cancer prevention and health awareness programmes, facilitating access to health services for cancer patients and offering support and counseling to those affected. Botswana had the highest life expectancy until began to reduce it in the late 1980s. Like elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa, the is considerable. Economic development spending was cut by 10% in 2002—3 as a result of recurring budget deficits and rising expenditure on healthcare services. However, after Botswana's 2011 census current life expectancy is estimated at 54. In 2003, the government began a comprehensive program involving free or cheap generic drugs as well as an information campaign designed to stop the spread of the virus; in 2013, over 40% of adults in Botswana had access to antiretroviral therapy. Other early partners include the , of the and the of the. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, universal access to treatment — defined as 80% coverage or greater — has been achieved in Botswana. Potential reasons for Botswana's high HIV prevalence include concurrent sexual partnerships, transactional sex, cross-generational sex, and a significant number of people who travel outside of their local communities in pursuit of work. The nature of many sexual relationships further impacts the health situation, to the extent that it has given rise to a love vocabulary that is unique to the region. The Botswana Tourism Organisation is the country's official tourism group. Primarily, tourists visit Gaborone due to the city having numerous activities for visitors. The Lion Park Resort is Botswana's first permanent and hosts events such as for families. Other destinations in Botswana include the Gaborone Yacht Club and the Kalahari Fishing Club and natural attractions such as the Gaborone Dam and Mokolodi Nature Reserve. 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